CS488 - Introduction to Computer Graphics - Lecture 12

Comments and Questions


Review

  1. Projection from 1D to 1D
  2. The Mobius transformation

General projections from 1D to 1D

  1. Put the projection point anywhere
  2. The general form of a projection
  3. Matrix form of the Mobius transformation
    /    \ 
    | a b | 
    | c d | 
    \    /

    The composition of Mobius transformations is the multiplication of matrices (up to a multiplicative constant - Why?).

  4. What if P is on one of the lines?
    1. P = O + x*i
    2. Do a little algebra...
    3. x' = 0 / 0. When we get a result like this we draw a picture.

    This is actually a projection from 1D to 0D.

Projection from 2D to 1D

We can draw it in 2D (Why?)

  1. three components:
    1. plane, containing the stuff to be projected
    2. line, onto which the stuff will be projected
    3. point of projection

    all must lie in the same plane

  2. projection point in/out of the plane
  3. line in out/of the plane

How is it done?

  1. Define a coordinate frame, the view coordinates,
    1. origin at the projection point
    2. z-axis perpendicular to the line
    3. x-axis parallel to the line
  2. Transform points in the plane into view coordinates
    1. (xw, zw, 1) -> (xv, zv, 1) using an affine transformation
    2. In the view coordinates, x' = z' * ( xv / zv )
  3. But xv = a * xw + b * zw + c, and zv = d * xw + e * zw + f
  4. Once again we have a Mobius transformation

Projection from 2D to 2D

We don't want to throw away z, so we'll do a 2D to 2D projection:

That is,

  1. Near plane goes to z' = -1.
  2. Far plane goes to z' = 1
  3. Top plane goes to x' = 1
  4. Bottom plane goes to x' = -1

Represent the Mobius transformation as a matrix

/       \
| a b c |
| d e f |
| g h i |
\       /

Then, using the code

  1. zn: z coordinate of the near plane
  2. zf: z coordinate of the far plane
  3. mu: slope of the upper limit of the frustrum
  4. md: slope of the lower limit of the frustrum

we can map the four planes.

  1. (x, zn, 1 ) -> (sx', -s, s )
  2. (x, zf, 1 ) -> (tx'', t, t )
  3. (mu*z, z, 1 ) -> (u, uz', u )
  4. (md*z, z, 1 ) -> (-v, vz'', v )

Each of these gives two ordinary linear equations. (Why?) Just the right number. (Why?) Solve them.

The result is

/                                               \
| 1 (mu + md) / (mu - md)           0           |
| 0 (zf + fn) / (zf - zn)  -2*zf*zn / (zf - zn) |
| 0           1                     0           |
\                                               /

Exercise. Check that this matrix creates the correct Mobius transformation.

Exercise. Compare this matrix to the one in the notes. It should be the same with the y row and column deleted. Why is it different?

Exercise. Solve the equations.

Exercise. Show that our 2D to 2D projection, followed by orthogonal projection is the same as the 2D to 1D projection just above.

Exercise. Extend these results to 3D, and compare to the matrices given in the notes.

Properties of this Projection

z' -> (z*(zf + zn) -2*zf*zn ) / z*(zf - zn)

  1. z = zf
  2. z = zn
  3. What maps to zero? z' = 2*zf*zn / (zf + zn )

    Note the possible numeric problems.

  4. z -> +0
  5. z -> -0
  6. z -> infinity, z' = (zf + zn) / (zf - zn)

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